Perceived Stress, Anxiety Levels, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Adults Exposed to Social and Criminal Violence in Guaymas, Sonora

Abstract

Objective: To analyze exposure to social and criminal violence, perceived stress, anxiety levels, and post-traumatic stress symptoms among adults in Guaymas, Sonora, and to assess the association between anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Methods: A quantitative, ex post facto, cross-sectional, correlational study was conducted. The sample included 432 adults with direct or indirect exposure to social and criminal violence, selected through nonprobability convenience sampling. Standardized instruments were administered to assess anxiety, perceived stress, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results: According to the GAD-7, 78% of participants had moderate or severe anxiety levels, and 14.6% exhibited post-traumatic stress symptoms. Overall, 85.6% reported implementing safety measures at home, 73.1% reported fear of traveling through certain areas, and 16.4% considered relocating because of fear of violence. A statistically significant association was identified between anxiety levels and the classification of post-traumatic stress symptoms (χ² = 37.2; df = 6; p < .001), with severe anxiety occurring more frequently among participants with chronic post-traumatic stress symptoms. Conclusions: The findings indicate relevant mental health concerns and support preventive and psychosocial care strategies.